The cool and consistent climate of the Eastern Arc Mountains supports the cultivation of a wide variety of food and cash crops, benefiting both local populations and urban centers. Fruits and vegetables grown in the region, such as bananas, apples, pears, peaches, plums, cabbages, potatoes, and peas, are regularly exported to major cities like Dar es Salaam. Additionally, specialty produce such as leeks, celery, parsley, and strawberries are part of the region’s agricultural output. This steady supply of food from the Eastern Arc contributes significantly to feeding Tanzania’s urban population and plays a crucial role in reducing poverty among local farmers and communities.

The fertile soils and abundant rainfall of the Eastern Arc Mountains also make the region ideal for large-scale cash crop farming. Coffee, tea, and sugarcane are cultivated extensively, with major estates like Kilombero and Mtibwa Sugar Estates contributing to both local economies and national exports. The success of these agricultural ventures not only boosts the livelihoods of farmers but also enhances Tanzania’s agricultural sector, providing essential commodities for both domestic consumption and international markets.

The Eastern Arc Mountains are home to thousands of species of plants and animals that are found nowhere else on Earth, making the region a biodiversity hotspot. Among these unique species are at least 100 birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles, alongside over 500 plant species and countless smaller creatures such as butterflies and millipedes. Unfortunately, many of these species face the threat of extinction, highlighting the critical need for conservation efforts to protect this irreplaceable natural heritage.

Recognized internationally for its exceptional concentration of endemic species, the Eastern Arc Mountains hold immense ecological significance. The region’s unique biodiversity draws the attention of conservationists and researchers worldwide, as it represents one of the planet’s most important areas for the preservation of rare and endangered species. Efforts to protect this ecosystem are essential, not only for maintaining its rich biodiversity but also for safeguarding the environmental services it provides to the people of Tanzania and beyond.

The Eastern Arc Mountains are a vital source of natural resources and environmental services that sustain the livelihoods of many Tanzanians. These mountains provide essential resources such as water, fuelwood, medicinal plants, and fertile soils for agriculture, while also serving a critical role in regulating the climate and maintaining biodiversity. The ecosystem services offered by the Eastern Arc support both local communities and national development, contributing to water supply, food production, and energy generation.

The total economic value of the resources and ecosystem services from the Eastern Arc Mountains is estimated to be at least $620 million. This significant figure highlights the mountains’ importance to Tanzania’s economy and the well-being of its people. The forests and ecosystems not only support daily livelihoods but also help mitigate climate change, preserve unique wildlife, and maintain environmental stability, making them an irreplaceable asset for the country’s future.

Hydroelectric power generated from water sourced from the Eastern Arc Forests contributes over 50% of Tanzania’s electricity supply, making it a cornerstone of the country’s energy infrastructure. This clean and renewable energy source not only meets the power demands of urban centers and industries but also supports rural electrification efforts. The forests, by maintaining consistent water flow, play a crucial role in sustaining this power generation, which is essential for fueling Tanzania’s economic growth and development.

A reliable water source is vital for maintaining steady electricity production, as any disruption can lead to severe power blackouts and shortages. Such outages can have major economic consequences, affecting industries, businesses, and essential services across the country. Without a consistent supply of electricity, productivity decreases, investments are jeopardized, and overall development slows. Therefore, the preservation of the Eastern Arc Forests is crucial to ensuring the stability of Tanzania’s energy supply and supporting the nation’s broader economic ambitions.

The forests and mountains of the Eastern Arc are a major draw for tourists, offering stunning landscapes and rich biodiversity. Key tourist destinations in the region include the South Pare Mountains, Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Amani Nature Reserve in the East Usambaras, Lushoto in the West Usambaras, and the scenic highlands above Morogoro in the Uluguru Mountains. These areas are known for their natural beauty and provide visitors with opportunities for hiking, bird watching, and immersing themselves in the region’s diverse ecosystems.

The Eastern Arc is growing in popularity, particularly among tourists with specialist interests in birds and wildlife. The area is home to numerous endemic species, making it a prime location for birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts. Additionally, the remote and rugged terrain offers an unparalleled wilderness experience for adventurous visitors seeking off-the-beaten-path exploration. As tourism continues to rise in the region, the Eastern Arc Mountains are becoming a sought-after destination for both eco-tourism and wildlife exploration.